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Plant tissue culture is often misunderstood in one important way. When a plant is growing inside a clean culture vessel with no visible fungi, bacteria, or contamination, many people assume that the plant must also be “disease-free.” Scientifically, however, these two terms describe different things. In tissue culture, aseptic generally refers to a culture system in which visible microbial contamination has been controlled or excluded. By contrast, terms such as pathogen-test

A callus is a mass of plant tissue that develops when cells from an explant or wounded area are stimulated to resume division under suitable culture conditions. The starting material may be a leaf, petiole, stem, root, bud, shoot tip, or embryo. When the explant receives an appropriate combination of nutrients, light, temperature, and plant growth regulators, certain groups of cells begin dividing and gradually form a tissue mass that may appear white, cream, yellow, green, o